Unicode order: ؠ ء آ أ ؤ إ ئ ا ب (ة) ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ (ػ ؼ ؽ ؾ ؿ ـ) ف ق ك ل م ن ه و (ى) ي ٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ٮ ٯ ٰ

* ālif and the hamzah are complicated and with a multitude of rules. in summary:

• ا alone initially is [a] or [i] or silent in ال al-, medially or finally it is a long [aː]
• آ: alif with maddah above is a [ʔaː] sequence
• أ: alif with hamzah above is complicated, but can be either an [a] or an [u]
• إ: alif with hamzah below is an [ʔi]
• a plus l can look funky: ﻻ ﻼ

complications unrelated to alif:

• a waw with hamzah above ؤ is an [uː].
• a final t, used for grammatical purposes, can be pronounced as an [h] and written as ـة ة , essentially a h with the dots of a t
• extend words visually with the tatweel, U+0640 ــ
• consonant gemination with the shadda, U+0651 ـّ

the short vowel marks:

• ـؘ [a] "fatḥah" U+0618
• ـؙ [u] "ḍammah" U+0619
• ـؚ [i] "kasrah" U+061A
• ـٰ [aː] "dagger alif", used when a normal alif isn't appropriate, U+0670
• ـْ sukun U+0652, lack of a vowel

Additional letters not used in Arabic (except possibly for پ p and ڤ v, for loanwords, foreign names, etc.) but present in other languages:

index | posted 2018-03-18, modified 2019-12-10